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1 γεμίζω
A fill full of, load, freight or charge with, prop. of a ship,τινός Th.7.53
, X.HG6.2.25, etc.; γεμίσας τὴν ναῦν ξύλων Test. ap.D.21.168;ναῦν σίτου D.34.36
;θηρίων τὰς ναῦς Plb.1.18.8
;τραπέζας θοίνης OGI383.146
([place name] Commagene); of animals, load,κτήνη PFay.117.14
(ii A. D.), cf.PTeb.419.17 (iii A. D.): c. dupl.acc., PFlor. 195.4 (iii A. D.); σποδοῦ γ. λέβητας charging them with ashes, A.Ag. 443; γεμίσω σε let me fill you, addressed to a cup, Theopomp.Com. 32; αὑτόν stuff, gorge, Men.Pk. 296; τὴν κοιλίαν ἀπό τινος v.l. in Ev.Luc.15.16:—[voice] Med., D.20.31;ἐγεμιζόμην ἀνθρωπείου τροφῆς Luc. Asin.46
:—[voice] Pass., metaph. of the Cyclops, E.Cyc. 505 (lyr.); of bees,γεμισθεῖσαι ἀποπέτονται Arist.HA 624b2
: c. gen., γ. ἀλαζονείας, εὐσεβείας, Ph.2.186, 357.II later, c. acc. rei, γεμίζειν ὕδωρ (sc. τὴν ὑδρίαν) to fill it full of water, Paus.3.13.3:—[voice] Pass., οἶνον, πῦρ γεμισθείς, AP12.85 (Mel.). -
2 πληρόω
πληρ-όω, [ per.] 3pl. [tense] impf. ἐπληροῦσαν cited by Choerob.in Theod.2.64 H. from E.Hec. 574: [tense] fut. - ώσω: [tense] pf. πεπλήρωκα, [dialect] Aeol. part. πεπληρώκων IG12(2).243.9 (Mytil.):—[voice] Med., [tense] fut. πληρώσομαι ([etym.] ἐπι-) Th.7.14 (v. infr.): [tense] aor.Aἐπληρωσάμην Pl.Grg. 493e
, X.HG5.4.56, etc.:—[voice] Pass., [tense] fut. , Aeschin.2.37; [tense] fut. [voice] Med. in pass. sense, X.Eq.Mag.3.6, D.17.28, Gal.2.560:— make full:I c. gen. rei, fill full of,λάρνακας λίθων Hdt.3.123
, etc.; κρατῆρα, πίστρα (sc. οἴνου), E. Ion 1192, Cyc.29:—[voice] Pass., to be filled full, τινος of a thing, Hp.VM 20, Pl.R. 550d, etc.; ;ἀπό τινος Porph.Sent.32
.2 fill full of food, gorge, satiate, : metaph., π. θυμόν glut one's rage, S.Ph. 324, E.Hipp. 1328;τὰς ἐπιθυμίας Pl.Grg. 494c
:—[voice] Pass., to be filled full of, satisfied,δαιτὸς -ωθείς E.Fr.213.3
;Αἴγυπτος ἁγνοῦ νάματος -ουμένη A.Fr.300.6
; φόβου, ἐλπίδος, etc., Pl.Lg. 865e, R. 494c, etc.; also .3 π. τὴν χεῖρά τινος consecrate, ib.Ex.32.29, al., Jd.17.5,12.II rarely c. dat., fill with,πεύκαισιν.. χέρας πληροῦντες E.HF 373
(lyr.):—[voice] Pass., πνεύμασιν -ούμενοι filled with breath, A.Th. 464;πεπληρωμένους πάσῃ ἀδικίᾳ Ep.Rom.1.29
, cf. 2 Ep.Cor.7.4.III without any modal case, π. νέας man ships, Hdt.1.171, cf. Th.1.29 ([voice] Act. and [voice] Pass. ) (in fullπεντηκόντερον π. ἀνδρῶν Hdt.3.41
);π. ναυτικόν Th.6.52
; πληροῦτε θωρακεῖα man the breastworks, A.Th.32:—[voice] Med.,τριήρη πληρωσάμενος Is.11.48
, cf. X.HG5.4.56, etc.; in full, .2 impregnate, [ τὰ θήλεα] Arist.HA 574a20, Metaph. 988a6:—[voice] Pass., of the female, ibid., HA 541a13.3 make full or complete,τοὺς δέκα μῆνας Hdt.6.63
; π. τοὺς χρόνους, τὸν ἐνιαυτόν, Pl.Lg. 866a, Ti. 39d;τὸν τῆς καταδίκης χρόνον Sammelb.4639.5
(iii A. D.), cf. POxy.491.6 (ii A. D.), etc.:—[voice] Med.,τὰ πάντα ἐν πᾶσι π. Ep.Eph.1.23
:— [voice] Pass., of the moon, to be full, S.Fr.871.6;ἵνα.. ᾖ τοι ἀπαρτιλογίη ὑπ' ἐμέο πεπληρωμένη Hdt.7.29
;πεπλήρωται ὁ καιρός Ev.Marc.1.15
, etc.: Math., πεπληρώσθω let the figure be completed, Arist.Mech. 854b29.4 π. δικαστήρια fill them, D.24.92:—[voice] Pass.,δικαστήριον πεπληρωμένον ἐκ τούτων Id.21.209
, cf. Is.6.37;πληρουμένου.. βουλευτηρίου A.Eu. 570
.5 render, pay in full,τροφεῖα πληρώσει χθονί Id.Th. 477
; π. τὴν χρείαν supply it, make it good, Th.1.70;πεπλήρωκα τὸν τόκον μέχρι τοῦ Ἐπείφ POxy.114.3
(ii/iii A. D.), cf. BGU1055.23 ([voice] Pass., i B. C.): c. dupl. acc.,ἵνα πληρώσῃς αὐτοὺς τὴν τιμήν PLond.2.243.11
(iv A. D.), cf. 251.30 ([voice] Pass., iv A. D.), etc.: abs., IG14.956.6 fulfil, τὸ χρεών (destiny) Plu.Cic.17; τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν, τὰς ὑποσχέσεις, Arr. Epict.2.9.3, Hdn.2.7.6;π. πᾶσαν ἀρχὴν καὶ λειτουργίαν IG12(5).946.1
([place name] Tenos), cf. 12(2) l.c. (Mytil.), PFlor.382.40 (iii A.D.), Lyd.Mag.3.30, al.; execute, perform,τὰ προσταχθέντα POxy.2107.5
(iii A. D.):—[voice] Pass.,λαμπαδηφόρων νόμοι.. διαδοχαῖς πληρούμενοι
fully observed,A.
Ag. 313; to be fulfilled, of prophecy, Ev.Matt.1.22, Ev.Jo.13.18.7 ἐς ἄγγος.. βακχίου μέτρημα πληρώσαντες having poured wine into the vessel till it was full, E.IT 954:—[voice] Pass., assemble, muster,πληρουμένης τῆς ἐκκλησίας Ar.Ec.89
;ἀρχαί τ' ἐπληροῦντ' εἰς.. βουλευτήρια E.Andr. 1097
codd.;πολλοὶ δ' ἐπληρώθημεν Id.IT 306
.IV intr., ἡ [ὁδὸς] πληροῖ ἐς τὸν ἀριθμὸν τοῦτον the length of road comes in full to this number, Hdt.2.7 (s. v.l.). -
3 κορέννυμι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `satiate, fill, be satiated' (ep. Ion.).Other forms: - μαι (Them., Orph.), κορέω, κορέσκω (Nic.), κορίσκομαι (Hp.), aor. κορέσ(σ)αι, - ασθαι (Il.), pass. κορεσθῆναι (Od.), perf. ptc. Act. (intr.) κεκορηώς (Od.), ind. midd. κεκόρημαι (Il.), κεκόρεσμαι (X.), fut. κορέω (Il.), κορέσω (Hdt.),Compounds: Rarely with ὑπερ- (Thgn., Poll.), ἀπο- (Gloss.). As 2. member in ἄ-κορος `unsatiable, untiring' (Pi.) with ἀκορία `unsatiated condition, moderation' (Hp.), `unsatiability' (Aret.). διά-, κατά-, πρόσ-, ὑπέρ-κορος `satiated etc.' (IA.); also as σ-stam and with verbal redefinition (Schwyzer 513) ἀ-, δια-, προσ- κορής with προσ-κορίζομαι `vex, annoy' (sch.). As privative also ἀ-κόρη-τος (Il.), ἀ-κόρε(σ)-τος (trag.). - Quite uncertain Αἰγι-κορεῖς pl. m. with Αἰγικορίς f. name of one of the old Ionic phylai (E., inscr.; cf. Hdt. 5, 66), s. Nilsson Cults 147 and Frisk ibd.Derivatives: Wiht lengthened grade κώρα ὕβρις H. (v. Blumenthal Hesychst. with Lobeck). To κόρος ( κοῦρος, κῶρος) `youth' and κόρη `young girl' s. esp. κόρος m. `satiaty, be satiated, surfeit, insolence' (Il.);Origin: IE [Indo-European] [577] *ḱerh₁- `fodder, (let) grow'Etymology: The starting point of the whole paradigm is clearly the aorist κορέσαι, - ασθαι, to which the other forms were successively added: pass. κορε-σ-θῆναι (Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 406), perf. κεκόρημαι, - εσμαι (Schwyzer 773), fut. κορέω, - έσω, lastly also the different, sparsely attested presents κορίσκομαι, κορέω, - έσκω, - έννυμι. The verb was prob. orig. because of the perfective aspect limited to the aorist; for an old present *κόρνυμι (Schwyzer 697; as στόρνυμι) there is no support. - The ο-vowel, which is found also in στορέσαι, with the same building, and in θορεῖν, μολεῖν, πορεῖν, is not convincingly explained (attempts in Schwyzer 360f. and Sánchez Ruipérez Emerita 18, 386ff.); with the disyllabic κορέ-σαι agrees elsewhere acute Lith. šér-ti `fodder' (from *ḱerh₁-), with which one connected the old s-stem in Lat. Cerēs `goddess of the growth of plants', and also Arm. ser `origin, gender, offspring' (IE. *ḱéros n. transformed to an o-stem). - The other forms, e. g. Lat. creō `create', crēscō `grow', Arm. sermn `seed', Alb. thjer `acorn', prop. "fodder" (Pok. 577, W.-Hofmann and Ernout-Meillet s. Cerēs, creō), are unimportant for Greek. - With the meanings `satiate, fodder, let grow', cf. the similar meanings of Lat. alō.Page in Frisk: 1,918-919Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κορέννυμι
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4 στέγω
στέγω, used by early writers mainly in [tense] pres. and [tense] impf.: [tense] fut. στέξω dub. cj. in D.S.11.29: [tense] aor.Aἔστεξα Plb.8.12.5
, Plu.Alex.35, etc.:—[voice] Med., [tense] aor. ἐστέξατο cj. for ἐδέξατο in AP13.27 (Phal.):— [voice] Pass., [tense] aor.ἐστέχθην Simp. in Epict.p.117
D.:—cover closely, so as to keep a fluid either out or in, Pl.Ti. 78a (of fire):A keep out water, δόμος ἅλα στέγων a house that keeps out the sea, i.e. a good ship, A.Supp. 135 (lyr.): abs., νῆες οὐδὲν στέγουσαι not water-tight, Th.2.94;εὐνὰς τοιαύτας οἵας.. στέγειν.. ἱκανὰς εἶναι Pl.R. 415e
, cf. Ti. 45c, Cra. 412d; τῇ.. στεγούσῃ γῇ in the impervious earth, Id.Criti. 111d; συμμύει καὶ στέγει, of timber, Thphr.HP5.7.4, cf. 5.4.5;οἰκία στέγουσα IG22.2498.23
, cf. 12(5).568.12 (Ceos, v/iv B.C.):—so in [voice] Med., στέγετο.. ὄμβρους kept off the rain from himself, Pi.P.4.81; νεῦς οὐκ ἐστέξατο κῦμα APl.c. (v. supr.);ταῦτα δὲ παρέξοντι οἰκοδομημένα καὶ στεγόμενα καὶ τεθυρωμένα Tab.Heracl.1.142
.2 of other things, fend off, repel, ;δόρυ πολέμιον στέγειν A.Th. 216
; στέγων γὰρ ἐχθροὺς θάνατον εἵλετ' ib. 1014;σ. τὰς πληγάς Ar.V. 1295
;στέγει ἡ σὰρξ τὸ προσπῖπτον θερμόν Arist. Pr. 889a11
.3 later, bear up, sustain, support,ἡ θάλαττα.. σ. τὰ βάρη Id.Fr. 217
;σ. τὸν ὄροφον J.AJ5.8.12
; ; bear up against, endure, resist, τὴν ἐπιφοράν, ἔφοδον, Plb.3.53.2, 18.25.4, cf. SIG700.23 (Lete, ii B.C.);σ. νόσον AP11.340
(Pall.);τὸ δυσῶδες Memn.2.4
;τὰς ἐνδείας Ph.2.526
; ἡ ἀγάπη.. πάντα ς. 1 Ep.Cor.13.7, cf. 9.12: abs., contain oneself, hold out,στέγειν, καρτερεῖν Lyr.Alex.Adesp.1.30
, cf. 1 Ep.Thess.3.1,5;ἔστεξα ἕως ἔλθῃς POxy.1775.10
(iv A.D.) (in S.OT 11 στέξαντες is f.l. for στέρξαντες).B keep in, hold water, etc., δάκρυον ὄμματ' οὐκέτι στέγει prob.f.l. in E.IA 888 (troch.); οὐκ ἂν δυναίμην μὴ στέγοντα πιμπλάναι I could not fill leaky vessels, Id.Fr. 899; ὕδωρ ς., of a vessel, Pl.R. 621a: metaph.,τὴν ψυχὴν κοσκίνῳ ἀπῄκασε.. τετρημένην, ἅτε οὐ δυναμένην στέγειν δι' ἀπιστίαν καὶ λήθην Pl.Grg. 493c
; [ψυχὴν] στέγουσαν οὐδέν Id.Lg. 714a
; in Id.R. 586b, τὸ στέγον ἑαυτῶν prob. means the continent part of each man, cf.στεγανός 11.4
.II generally, contain, hold, ἄγγος σῶμα τοὐκείνου ς. S.El. 1118, cf. E. Ion 1412;ὄχλον σ. δῶμα Id.Hipp. 843
.III shelter, protect,πύργοι πόλιν στέγουσιν S.OC15
codd., cf. A.Th. 797: metaph.,ὅρκος σ. τὴν ὁμόνοιαν αὐτῶν D.S.11.29
(cj.); τὸ ξύλον ἔστεξεν ἡ γῆ retained and cherished it, so that it struck root, Plu. Rom.20, cf. Alex.35.2 conceal, keep hidden, ;ἥξει.., κἂν ἐγὼ σιγῇ στέγω S.OT 341
; τί χρὴ στέγειν ἢ τί λέγειν; Id.Ph. 136 (lyr.); ;σ. τἀμὰ καὶ σ' ἔπη E.El. 273
;στέξαι τὸ κριθέν Plb.4.8.2
:—[voice] Pass., to be kept secret, Th.6.72; παρ' ὑμῶν εὖ στεγοίμεθ' let my counsel be kept secret by you, S.Tr. 596.IV close up, in [voice] Pass.,τὰ τῶν ἀγγείων στόματα στεγόμενα Paul.Aeg.6.7
. (Cf. Skt. sthagati 'cover, hide', Lat. tego, Engl. thatch.) -
5 ἁμαρτία
ἁμαρτία, ίας, ἡ (w. mngs. ranging fr. involuntary mistake/ error to serious offenses against a deity: Aeschyl., Antiphon, Democr.+; ins fr. Cyzicus JHS 27, 1907, p. 63 [III B.C.] ἁμαρτίαν μετανόει; PLips 119 recto, 3; POxy 1119, 11; LXX; En, TestSol, TestAbr, TestJob, Test12Patr; JosAs 12:14; ParJer, ApcEsdr, ApcSed, ApcMos; EpArist 192; Philo; Jos., Ant. 13, 69 al.; Ar. [Milne 76, 42]; Just., A I, 61, 6; 10; 66, 1, D. 13, 1 al.; Tat. 14, 1f; 20, 1; Mel., P. 50, 359; 55, 400; s. ClR 24, 1910, 88; 234; 25, 1911, 195–97).① a departure fr. either human or divine standards of uprightnessⓐ sin (w. context ordinarily suggesting the level of heinousness), the action itself (ἁμάρτησις s. prec.), as well as its result (ἁμάρτημα), πᾶσα ἀδικία ἁ. ἐστίν 1J 5:17 (cp. Eur., Or. 649; Gen 50:17). ἁ. w. ἀνομήματα Hv 1, 3, 1; descr. as ἀνομία (cp. Ps 58:3; TestJob 43:17) 1J 3:4; but one who loves is far from sin Pol 3:3, cp. Js 5:20; 1 Pt 4:8, 1 Cl 49:5; Agr 13. ἀναπληρῶσαι τὰς ἁ. fill up the measure of sins (Gen 15:16) 1 Th 2:16. κοινωνεῖν ἁ. ἀλλοτρίαις 1 Ti 5:22. ποιεῖν ἁ. commit a sin (Tob 12:10; 14:7S; Dt 9:21) 2 Cor 11:7; 1 Pt 2:22; Js 5:15; 1J 3:4, 8. For this ἁμαρτάνειν ἁ. (Ex 32:30; La 1:8) 1J 5:16; ἐργάζεσθαι ἁ. Js 2:9; Hm 4, 1, 2 (LXX oft. ἐργάζ. ἀδικίαν or ἀνομίαν). μεγάλην ἁ. ἐργάζεσθαι commit a great sin m 4, 1, 1; 8:2. Pl. (cp. Pla., Ep. 7, 335a τὰ μεγάλα ἁμαρτήματα κ. ἀδικήματα) Hs 7:2. ἐπιφέρειν ἁ. τινί Hv 1, 2, 4. ἑαυτῷ ἁ. ἐπιφέρειν bring sin upon oneself m 11:4; for this ἁ. ἐπισπᾶσθαί τινι m 4, 1, 8 (cp. Is 5:18). προστιθέναι ταῖς ἁ. add to one’s sins (cp. προσέθηκεν ἁμαρτίας ἐφʼ ἁμαρτίας PsSol 3:10) Hv 5:7; m 4, 3, 7; Hs 6, 2, 3; 8, 11, 3; φέρειν ἁ. 1 Cl 16:4 (Is 53:4). ἀναφέρειν vs. 14 (Is 53:12). γέμειν ἁμαρτιῶν B 11:11. εἶναι ἐν ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις 1 Cor 15:17 (cp. Alex. Aphr., Eth. Probl. 9 II 2 p. 129, 13 ἐν ἁμαρτήμασιν εἶναι).—Sin viewed from the perspective of God’s or Christ’s response: ἀφιέναι τὰς ἁ. let go = forgive sins (Lev 4:20 al.) Mt 9:2, 5f; Mk 2:5, 7, 9f; Lk 5:20ff; Hv 2, 2, 4; 1 Cl 50:5; 53:5 (Ex 32:32) al. (ἀφίημι 2); hence ἄφεσις (τῶν) ἁμαρτιῶν (Iren. 1, 21, 2 [Harv. I 182, 4]) forgiveness of sins Mt 26:28; Mk 1:4; Lk 1:77; 3:3; 24:47; Ac 2:38; 5:31; 10:43; 13:38; Hm 4, 3, 2; B 5:1; 6:11; 8:3; 11:1; 16:8. διδόναι ἄφεσιν ἁ. AcPl Ha 2, 30; λαβεῖν ἄφεσιν ἁ. receive forgiveness of sins Ac 26:18 (Just., D. 54 al); καθαρίζειν τὰς ἁ. cleanse the sins (thought of as a stain) Hs 5, 6, 3; καθαρίζειν ἀπὸ ἁ. 1 Cl 18:3 (Ps 50:4; cp. Sir 23:10; PsSol 10:1); also καθαρισμὸν ποιεῖσθαι τῶν ἁ. Hb 1:3; ἀπολούεσθαι τὰς ἁ. Ac 22:16 ([w. βαπτίζειν] Just., D. 13, 1 al.). λύτρον ἁ. ransom for sins B 19:10.—αἴρειν J 1:29; περιελεῖν ἁ. Hb 10:11; ἀφαιρεῖν (Ex 34:9; Is 27; 9) vs. 4; Hs 9, 28, 3; ῥυσθῆναι ἀπὸ ἁ. 1 Cl 60:3; ἀπὸ τῶν ἁ. ἀποσπασθῆναι AcPlCor 2:9. Sin as a burden αἱ ἁ. κατεβάρησαν Hs 9, 28, 6; as a disease ἰᾶσθαι Hs 9, 28, 5 (cp. Dt 30:3); s. also the verbs in question.—Looked upon as an entry in a ledger; hence ἐξαλείφεται ἡ ἁ. wiped away, cancelled (Ps 108:14; Jer 18:23; Is 43:25) Ac 3:19.—Opp. στῆσαι τὴν ἁ. 7:60; λογίζεσθαι ἁ. take account of sin (as a debt; cp. the commercial metaphor Ro 4:6 and s. FDanker, Gingrich Festschr. 104, n. 2) Ro 4:8 (Ps 31:2); 1 Cl 60:2 (Just., D. 141, 3). Pass. ἁ. οὐκ ἐλλογεῖται is not entered in the account Ro 5:13 (GFriedrich, TLZ 77, ’52, 523–28). Of sinners ὀφειλέτης ἁ. Pol 6:1 (cp. SIG 1042, 14–16 [II A.D.] ὸ̔ς ἂν δὲ πολυπραγμονήσῃ τὰ τοῦ θεοῦ ἢ περιεργάσηται, ἁμαρτίαν ὀφιλέτω Μηνὶ Τυράννωι, ἣν οὐ μὴ δύνηται ἐξειλάσασθαι).—γινώσκειν ἁ. (cp. Num 32:23) Ro 7:7; Hm 4, 1, 5. ἐπίγνωσις ἁμαρτίας Ro 3:20; ὁμολογεῖν τὰς ἁ. 1J 1:9; ἐξομολογεῖσθε ἐπὶ ταῖς ἁ. B 19:12; ἐξομολογεῖσθαι τὰς ἁ. Mt 3:6; Mk 1:5; Hv 3, 1, 5f; Hs 9, 23, 4; ἐξομολογεῖσθε ἀλλήλοις τὰς ἁ. confess your sins to each other Js 5:16.—ἐλέγχειν τινὰ περὶ ἁ. convict someone of sin J 8:46; cp. ἵνα σου τὰς ἁ. ἐλέγξω πρὸς τὸν κύριον that I might reveal your sins before the Lord Hv 1, 1, 5.—σεσωρευμένος ἁμαρτίαις loaded down w. sins 2 Ti 3:6; cp. ἐπισωρεύειν ταῖς ἁ. B 4:6; ἔνοχος τῆς ἁ. involved in the sin Hm 2:2; 4, 1, 5. μέτοχος τῆς ἁ. m 4, 1, 9.—In Hb sin is atoned for (ἱλάσκεσθαι τὰς ἁ. 2:17) by sacrifices θυσίαι ὑπὲρ ἁ. 5:1 (cp. 1 Cl 41:2). προσφορὰ περὶ ἁ. sin-offering 10:18; also simply περὶ ἁ. (Lev 5:11; 7:37) vss. 6, 8 (both Ps 39:7; cp. 1 Pt 3:18); προσφέρειν περὶ ἁ. bring a sin-offering Hb 5:3; cp. 10:12; 13:11. Christ has made the perfect sacrifice for sin 9:23ff; συνείδησις ἁ. consciousness of sin 10:2; ἀνάμνησις ἁ. a reminder of sins of the feast of atonement vs. 3.ⓑ special sins (ἁ. τῆς ἀποστασίας Iren. 5, 26, 2 [Harv. II 397, 4]): πρὸς θάνατον that leads to death 1J 5:16b (ἁμαρτάνω e); opp. οὐ πρὸς θάνατον vs. 17. μεγάλη ἁ. a great sin Hv 1, 1, 8 al. (Gen 20:9; Ex 32:30 al.; cp. Schol. on Pla., Tht. 189d ἁμαρτήματα μεγάλα). μείζων ἁ. m 11:4; ἥττων 1 Cl 47:4. μεγάλη κ. ἀνίατος Hm 5, 2, 4; τέλειαι ἁ. Hv 1, 2, 1; B 8:1, cp. τὸ τέλειον τῶν ἁ. 5:11 (Philo, Mos. 1, 96 κατὰ τῶν τέλεια ἡμαρτηκότων); ἡ προτέρα ἁ. (Arrian, Anab. 7, 23, 8 εἴ τι πρότερον ἡμάρτηκας) sin committed before baptism Hm 4, 1, 11; 4, 3, 3; Hs 8, 11, 3; cp. v 2, 1, 2.② a state of being sinful, sinfulness, a prominent feature in Johannine thought, and opposed to ἀλήθεια; hence ἁ. ἔχειν J 9:41; 15:24; 1J 1:8. μείζονα ἁ. ἔχειν J 19:11; ἁ. μένει 9:41. γεννᾶσθαι ἐν ἁμαρτίαις be born in sin 9:34 (ἐν ἁμαρτίᾳ v.l).; opp. ἐν ἁ. ἀποθανεῖν die in sin 8:21, 24; AcPl Ha 1, 16. ἁ. ἐν αὐτῷ οὐκ ἔστιν 1J 3:5.③ a destructive evil power, sinⓐ Paul thinks of sin almost in pers. terms (cp. Sir 27:10; Mel., P. 50, 359; PGM 4, 1448 w. other divinities of the nether world, also Ἁμαρτίαι χθόνιαι; Dibelius, Geisterwelt 119ff) as a ruling power that invades the world. Sin came into the world Ro 5:12 (JFreundorfer, Erbsünde u. Erbtod b. Ap. Pls 1927; ELohmeyer, ZNW 29, 1930, 1–59; JSchnitzer, D. Erbsünde im Lichte d. Religionsgesch. ’31; ROtto, Sünde u. Urschuld ’32; FDanker, Ro 5:12: Sin under Law: NTS 14, ’67/68, 424–39), reigns there vs. 21; 6:14; everything was subject to it Gal 3:22; people serve it Ro 6:6; are its slaves vss. 17, 20; are sold into its service 7:14 or set free from it 6:22; it has its law 7:23; 8:2; it revives (ἀνέζησεν) Ro 7:9 or is dead vs. 8; it pays its wages, viz., death 6:23, cp. 5:12 (see lit. s.v. ἐπί 6c). As a pers. principle it dwells in humans Ro 7:17, 20, viz., in the flesh (s. σάρξ 2cα) 8:3; cp. vs. 2; 7:25. The earthly body is hence a σῶμα τῆς ἁ. 6:6 (Col 2:11 v.l.).—As abstr. for concr. τὸν μὴ γνόντα ἁ. ὑπέρ ἡμῶν ἁμαρτίαν ἐποίησεν (God) made him, who never sinned, to be sin (i.e. the guilty one) for our sakes 2 Cor 5:21.ⓑ In Hb (as in OT) sin appears as the power that deceives humanity and leads it to destruction, whose influence and activity can be ended only by sacrifices (s. 1a end): ἀπάτη τῆς ἁ. Hb 3:13.—On the whole word s. ἁμαρτάνω, end. GMoore, Judaism I 445–52; ABüchler, Studies in Sin and Atonement in the Rabb. Lit. of the I Cent. 1928; WKnuth, D. Begriff der Sünde b. Philon v. Alex., diss. Jena ’34; EThomas, The Problem of Sin in the NT 1927; Dodd 76–81; DDaube, Sin, Ignorance and Forgiveness in the Bible, ’61; AGelin and ADescamps, Sin in the Bible, ’65.—On the special question ‘The Christian and Sin’ see PWernle 1897; HWindisch 1908; EHedström 1911; RBultmann, ZNW 23, 1924, 123–40; Windisch, ibid. 265–81; RSchulz, D. Frage nach der Selbsttätigkt. d. Menschen im sittl. Leben b. Pls., diss. Hdlb. ’40.—JAddison, ATR 33, ’51, 137–48; KKuhn, πειρασμός ἁμαρτία σάρξ im NT: ZTK 49, ’52, 200–222; JBremer, Hamartia ’69 (Gk. views).—B. 1182. EDNT. DELG s.v. ἁμαρτάνω. M-M. TW.
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